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Mary Shelley (1797-1851)
Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus British Romanticism Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley is best known for her novel Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (1818, revised 1831). As the daughter of political philosopher William Godwin and early feminist writer Mary Wollstonecraft, the expectations for Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin were high. Her mother died shortly after her birth, and her father gave her an unconventional education. Mary grew up listening to her father's guests, who ranged from scientists and philosophers to literary figures such as Samuel Taylor Coleridge. Mary was sixteen when she fell in love with one of her father's admirers, the young poet Percy Bysshe Shelley (who was estranged from his wife), and ran away with him. The two of them married, several years later, after the death of Shelley's first wife. In the summer of 1816, Mary and Percy became the neighbors of Lord Byron, with whom they developed a close friendship while vacationing on the shores of Lake Geneva. During a stretch of bad weather, Byron suggested that each of them should write a ghost story. Mary's initial idea, which resulted from a nightmare she had, quickly evolved into Frankenstein. The story of Victor Frankenstein is a cautionary tale of what happens when Romantic ambition and Enlightenment ideals of science and progress are taken too far. This theme also appears in the story of the narrator, the unlucky explorer Robert Walton, who encounters Victor and hears his story. Victor's most important failure is his abandonment of his Creature, who never receives a name. Victor leaves his initially innocent "child" to survive on his own simply because of his appearance. Although Victor questions whether he himself is to blame for everything that follows, he continues to be repulsed by the Creature's looks. The impassioned speeches that Mary Shelley writes for the Creature implicitly criticize society for rejecting someone for the wrong reasons. In the end, it is left to the reader to decide whether Victor, the Creature, and/or society in general is the most monstrous. Consider while reading:- In Frankenstein, characters objectify the Creature, judging him based on appearance rather than substance. Many scholars believe that Mary Shelley saw the Creature as a metaphor for women in society. What evidence is there in the story that supports this interpretation?
- In some ways, Victor Frankenstein ultimately appears to be the "monster," rather than the Creature. Compare the similarities between Victor's Romantic attitudes and the portrayal of Romanticism in the works of Percy Shelley and Lord Byron. What similarities exist? In what ways might Mary Shelley be critical of those views?