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Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023): Appendix E: APA Citation

Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023)
Appendix E: APA Citation
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  1. Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023)
    1. Exploring Public Speaking: The Open Educational Resource College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023)
      1. Introduction to the Edition 4.2 (2022) of Exploring Public Speaking
      2. Authors and Contributors
        1. Amy Burger (Chapter 5, Appendix E and F)
        2. Chad Daniel (Chapter 11/Expert Advice on the Voice from an Acting Instructor)
        3. Jerry Drye (Appendix D)
        4. Cathy Hunsicker (Appendix B, Parts 3, 4, 5, and 6)
        5. Amy Mendes (Appendix B, Part 7)
        6. Matthew LeHew (Editor, Technologist, and Web Designer)
        7. Barbara G. Tucker (Editor and Primary Author)
  2. Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 1.1 – What is Public Speaking?
    4. 1.2 – Anxiety and Public Speaking
      1. Why Anxiety and Public Speaking?
      2. Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety
    5. 1.3 - Understanding the Process of Public Speaking
    6. 1.4 – The Value of Public Speaking in Your Life
    7. 1.5 – Getting Started in Public Speaking
      1. Timing is everything
      2. Public speaking requires muscle memory
      3. Public speaking involves a content and relationship dimension
      4. Emulation is the sincerest form of flattery
      5. Know your strengths and weaknesses
      6. Remember the Power of Story
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
  3. Chapter 2: Audience Analysis and Listening
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 2.1 – The Importance of Audience Analysis
    4. 2.2 – Demographic Characteristics
      1. Age
      2. Gender
      3. Race, Ethnicity, and Culture
      4. Religion
      5. Group Affiliation
      6. Region
      7. Occupation
      8. Education
      9. Socio-economic Level
      10. Sexual Orientation
      11. Family Status
      12. Wrap Up on Demographics
    5. 2.3 – Psychographic Characteristics
      1. Beliefs
      2. Attitudes
      3. Values
      4. Needs
    6. 2.4 – Contextual Factors of Audience Analysis
    7. 2.5 – Listening in Public Speaking Settings
      1. Your Audience and Listening
      2. Barriers to Listening
      3. What Can Be Done to Improve Listening?
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
  4. Chapter 3: Ethics in Public Speaking
    1. Learning objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 3.1 – Sources of Ethical Stances on Communication and Public Speaking
      1. Legal Origins of Ethics in Public Speaking
      2. Cultural and Religious Origins of Ethics in Communication
      3. Philosophers and Communication Ethics
    4. 3.2 – Credibility and Ethics
    5. 3.3 – Plagiarism
      1. Types of Plagiarism
      2. Stealing
      3. Sneaking
      4. Borrowing
      5. Ethically Crediting Sources
      6. Ethics of Communication, Civil Discourse, and Venues
    6. Conclusion
    7. Something to Think About
    8. Case study
  5. Chapter 4: Developing Topics for Your Speech
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 4.1 – Getting Started with Your Topic and Purpose
    4. 4.2 – Formulating a Specific Purpose Statement
      1. You
      2. The Audience
      3. The Context
      4. Putting It Together
    5. 4.3 – Formulating a Central Idea Statement
    6. 4.4 – Problems to Avoid with Specific Purpose and Central Idea Statements
    7. Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
      1. Case Studies in Specific Purposes and Central Idea Statements
  6. Chapter 5: Researching Your Speeches
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 5.1 – Research
      1. Primary and Secondary Sources
    4. 5.2 – Accessing Information Through a Library
      1. The Library Catalog
      2. Databases
      3. Other Library Resources and Services
    5. 5.3 – Research on the Internet
    6. 5.4 – Conducting Your Own Research
      1. Surveys
      2. Interviews
      3. What to Do With All These Sources
    7. Conclusion
  7. Chapter 6: Organizing and Outlining Your Speech
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 6.1 – Why We Need Organization in Speeches
      1. Grouping
    4. 6.2 - Patterns of Organization
      1. Chronological
      2. Spatial
      3. Topical/Parts of the Whole
      4. Cause/Effect Pattern
      5. Problem-Solution Pattern
      6. Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
      7. Some Additional Principles of Organization
    5. 6.3 – Connective Statements
      1. Types of connectives and examples
    6. 6.4 – Outlining
      1. Preparation Outlines
      2. Speaking Outlines
    7. Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
    9. Case study
  8. Chapter 7: Supporting Your Speech Ideas
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 7.1 – Why Supporting Materials are Needed
    4. 7.2 – Types of Supporting Materials
      1. Examples
      2. Narratives
      3. Definitions
      4. Descriptions
      5. Historic and Scientific Fact
      6. Statistics
      7. Testimony
    5. 7.3 – Attention Factors and Supporting Material
      1. What is Attention?
      2. Why Do We Pay Attention?
      3. Attention Factors
    6. Conclusion
    7. Something to Think About
    8. Case Study
  9. Chapter 8: Introductions and Conclusions
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 8.1 – General Guidelines for Introductions and Conclusions
    4. 8.2 – Structuring the Introduction
      1. Element 1: Get the Audience’s Attention
      2. Element 2: Establish or Enhance Your Credibility
      3. Element 3: Establish Rapport
      4. Element 4: Preview Your Topic/Purpose/Central Idea
      5. Element 5: Preview Your Main Points
    5. 8.3 – Examples of Introductions
      1. Informative Speech Introductions
      2. Persuasive Speech Introduction
    6. 8.4 – Structuring the Conclusion
      1. Element 1: Signal the End
      2. Element 2: Restate Main Points
      3. Element 3: Clincher
    7. 8.5 – Examples of Conclusions
      1. Informative Speech Conclusion
      2. Persuasive Speech Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
  10. Chapter 9: Presentation Aids in Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 9.1 - What Are Presentation Aids?
    4. 9.2 – Functions of Presentation Aids
      1. Improving Audience Understanding
      2. Aiding Retention and Recall
      3. Adding Variety and Interest
      4. Enhancing a Speaker’s Credibility
      5. Avoiding Problems with Presentation Aids
    5. 9.3 – Types of Presentation Aids
      1. Charts
      2. Graphs
    6. 9.4 – Using Presentation Slides
      1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Presentation Slides
      2. Creating Quality Slide Shows
      3. Tone
      4. Scale and Proportion
      5. Balance
      6. Rhythm in Presenting
    7. 9.5 – Low-Tech Presentation Aids
      1. Dry-Erase Board
      2. Flipchart
      3. Posters
      4. Handouts
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
  11. Chapter 10: Language
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 10.1 – What Language Is and Does
    4. 10.2 – Standards for Language in Public Speaking
      1. Achieving Clarity
      2. Effectiveness
      3. Credibility
      4. Rhetorical Techniques
      5. Appropriateness
      6. Gender-Inclusive Language
      7. Ethnic Identity
      8. Disability
      9. Other Types of Appropriateness
    5. 10.3 – Developing Your Ability to Use Effective Language in Public Speaking
    6. Conclusion
    7. Something to Think About
  12. Chapter 11: Delivery
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 11.1 – The Importance of Delivery
    4. 11.2 – Methods of Speech Delivery
      1. Impromptu Speaking
      2. Manuscript Speaking
      3. Extemporaneous Speaking
      4. Memorized Speaking
    5. 11.3 – Preparing For Your Delivery
      1. Using Lecterns
      2. Speaking in a Small or Large Physical Space
      3. Speaking Outdoors
      4. Using a Microphone
      5. Audience Size
    6. 11.4 – Practicing Your Delivery
      1. Practice Your Speech Out Loud
      2. Practice Your Speech Standing Up
      3. Practice Your Speech with a Lectern
      4. Practice Your Speech with an Audience
      5. Practice Your Speech for Time
      6. Practice Your Speech by Recording Yourself
    7. 11.5 – What to Do When Delivering Your Speech
      1. Hands
      2. Feet
      3. Objects
      4. The Lectern and Posture
      5. Eye Contact
      6. Volume
      7. Pitch
      8. Rate
      9. Pauses
      10. Vocalized pauses
      11. Conclusion
    8. 11.6 - Expert Advice on the Voice from an Acting Instructor
    9. Conclusion
    10. Something to Think About
  13. Chapter 12: Informative Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 12.1 – What is an Informative Speech?
    4. 12.2 – Types of Informative Speeches
      1. Type 1: History
      2. Type 2: Biography
      3. Type 3: Processes
      4. Type 4: Ideas and Concepts
      5. Type 5: Categories or divisions
    5. 12.3 – Guidelines for Selecting an Informative Speech Topic
      1. Pick a specific or focused topic
      2. Avoid faux or fake informative speech topics
    6. 12.4 – Guidelines for Preparing an Informative Speech
      1. Don’t Be Too Broad
      2. Be Accurate, Clear, and Interesting
      3. Keep in Mind Audience Diversity
    7. 12.5 – Giving Informative Speeches in Groups
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
    10. Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Lord Byron
    11. Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Haunted Places in Gettysburg
  14. Chapter 13: Persuasive Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 13.1 – Why Persuade?
    4. 13.2 – A Definition of Persuasion
    5. 13.3 – Why is Persuasion Hard?
      1. Solutions to the Difficulty of Persuasion
    6. 13.4 – Traditional Views of Persuasion
      1. Ethos
      2. Logos
      3. Pathos
    7. 13.5 – Constructing a Persuasive Speech
      1. Formulating a Proposition
      2. Organization Based on Type of Proposition
      3. Building Upon Your Persuasive Speech’s Arguments
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
    10. Sample Outline: Persuasive Speech Using Topical Pattern
    11. Sample Outline: Persuasive Speech Using Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Pattern
  15. Chapter 14: Logical Reasoning
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 14.1 – What is Correct Reasoning?
    4. 14.2 – Inductive Reasoning
      1. Generalization
      2. Causal reasoning
      3. Sign Reasoning
      4. Analogical reasoning
    5. 14.3 – Deductive Reasoning
    6. 14.4 – Logical Fallacies
      1. False Analogy
      2. False Cause
      3. Slippery Slope
      4. Post hoc ergo propter hoc
      5. Hasty Generalization
      6. Straw Man
      7. Argument from Silence
      8. Statistical fallacies
      9. Non Sequitur
      10. Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
      11. False Dilemma
      12. Appeal to Tradition
      13. Bandwagon
      14. Red Herring
      15. Ad Hominem
      16. Ad Misericordium
      17. Plain Folks
      18. Guilt by Association
    7. Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
  16. Chapter 15: Special Occasion Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 15.1 – Understanding Special Occasion Speeches
      1. Be Prepared
      2. Adapt to the Occasion
      3. Adapt to Your Audience
      4. Be Mindful of the Time
    4. 15.2 – Types of Special Occasion Speeches
      1. Speeches of Introduction
      2. Speeches of Presentation
      3. Speeches of Acceptance
      4. Speeches of Dedication
      5. Toasts
      6. Roasts
      7. Eulogies
      8. Speeches of Farewell
      9. Speeches for Commencements
      10. After-Dinner Speeches
      11. Motivational Speeches
      12. Summary
    5. 15.3 – Special Occasion Language
    6. 15.4 – Special Occasion Delivery
    7. Conclusion
  17. Appendix A: Cultural Diversity in Public Speaking
    1. Benefits and Challenges
    2. Implications
  18. Appendix B: Succeeding as a College Student
    1. Part 1: How To Be a College Student
      1. The Journey
      2. Why College?
      3. Preparation
      4. Getting the Big Picture of College
      5. Advising and Your Classes
      6. Values
      7. College Faculty
      8. Parting thoughts
    2. Part 2: Learning to Learn
    3. Part 3: Reading Your Textbooks and Other Resources
      1. College Reading
      2. Concentration
    4. Part 4: Effective Memorization
      1. Effective Memorization
      2. General Principles:
    5. Part 5: Test Anxiety/Speech Anxiety
    6. Part 6: Test-taking
      1. General Tips for Studying for Exams
      2. Additional Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
      3. Additional Tips for Matching Questions
      4. Additional Tips for True and False Questions
      5. Additional Tips for Essay Questions
    7. Part 7: Avoiding Plagiarism
      1. How do we teach about plagiarism?
      2. References
  19. Appendix C: Public Speaking Online
    1. Preparation for Online Speaking
    2. During the Web Speech
    3. Ending
    4. Speaking for an Online Class
    5. Conclusion
  20. Appendix D: Funny Talk: The Art and Craft of Using Humor in Public Address
    1. Humor and Audiences: Positives and Negatives
    2. Humorous Speaking Tips
      1. Positive Aspects
      2. Negative Aspects
  21. Appendix E: APA Citation
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Appendix Preview
    3. E.1 – Citation
    4. E.2 – When to Cite
    5. E.3 – Elements of citation
      1. In-Context Citation
      2. Quotation
      3. Paraphrasing
    6. E.4 - APA Resources
    7. E.5 - Reference List
      1. Sample References
  22. Appendix F: Research with Dalton State Library Resources
    1. “GIL-Find,” the Library Catalog
    2. GALILEO
  23. Appendix I: Sample Outlines and Formats
    1. Informative Speech on Types of Coffee Around the World
    2. Persuasive Speech on Reading During Leisure Time
    3. Sample Format 1
    4. Sample Format 2
    5. Sample Format 3
  24. Appendix J: Case Studies
    1. Chapter 3
    2. Chapter 4
    3. Chapter 6
    4. Chapter 7

Appendix E: APA Citation

Learning Objectives

After reading this section, the student will be able to:

  • Understand the purposes of citation;
  • Recognize when to cite information;
  • Understand different ways to cite sources;
  • Find citation assistance when needed; and
  • Cite sources in APA format

Appendix Preview

E.1 – Citation

E.2 – When to Cite

E.3 – Elements of Citation

E.4 – APA Resources

E.5 — Reference List

E.1 – Citation

Citing your sources is part of using information. While there are many citation styles used by different disciplines, this appendix focuses on APA style.

APA Style

A citation style developed by the American Psychological Association (APA), used by a variety of disciplines, including psychology, health sciences, STEM fields, business, social sciences, and communication.

APA style is detailed in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition.

Citation (in any style) has many functions; it:

  • allows you to support the claims you make,
  • gives credit to the source of the information, and
  • allows your audience to locate the information if they want to learn more.

The practice of citation is inseparable from research, because new developments always build on existing knowledge. No individual knows everything there is to know about a topic, which is why research involves examining what is already known.

Engaging with the ideas of others is a way of adding your voice into a conversation about a topic. This can include agreeing with others’ perspectives, building on existing ideas, or introducing a new interpretation or counter-argument.

E.2 – When to Cite

Any time you use someone else’s original ideas, statistics, studies, borrowed concepts, phrases, images, quoted material, and tables—their Intellectual property—you cite to indicate its source. This reflects both on the research you have done, and your academic integrity.

Intellectual Property

A legal term used to refer to intangible creations of individuals, including art, written work, research findings, and ideas

Not everything you use in your work need to be cited, though. You do not have to cite facts that are commonly known by your audience and easily verified in reference sources. You also do not have to cite information that comes from you, such as your opinion.

When in doubt, it’s best to cite your source.

E.3 – Elements of citation

There are two main elements of citation: the brief in-context citation, and the full reference entry.

In-Context Citation

You may be used to citing in text, and while citing in speeches works differently, the same principles apply—you want to ensure that your audience knows where you found the information.

You can use both quotation and paraphrasing in speeches, and for either, be sure to provide the details about the source when you use the information.

Quotation

Since quoting means using someone else’s exact words, you should indicate that you are using a quote. Examples of how to do this are:

“As legendary football coach Vince Lombardi said, ‘Winning isn’t everything, but wanting to win is.’”

“Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh said, and I quote, ‘I would rather die of passion than boredom.’”

Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing, or restating a source’s ideas in your own words, is another option. Be sure to acknowledge the author, source, and date of the information you use. This can be accomplished in various ways, such as:

“During the December 27, 2017 episode of 60 Minutes, correspondent Lara Logan described the practice of airlifting rhinos by helicopter to protect them from poachers.”

“A 2017 study by Dr. Serge Ferrari, published in the medical journal Lancet, found that the use of drugs containing bone-forming agents in patients with osteoporosis reduced their risk of fragility fractures.”

Citation FAQs

What if I’m citing multiple sources?

This depends on the information. Is it common knowledge/factual? If so, you do not need to cite it.

If it needs to be cited, be sure to indicate the sources:

As many scholars, including Buranen, Haviland & Mullin, Blum, and DeSena, have noted, plagiarism refers to a variety of phenomena, which vary widely.

What if I’m using a lot of information, but it’s all from the same source?

Cite the source each time you use it:

According to Blum,…Blum also found…In the same study,…

E.4 - APA Resources

You may have questions about APA style, and while full APA guidelines are included in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition, other resources are also available. The APA runs a site at apastyle.org that provides additional information about APA citation. Also, the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL) has a wonderful online guide to APA citation. Of course, librarians are a good resource, too!

E.5 - Reference List

As part of a speech assignment, you will likely be asked to provide a list of references used. This may be on a slide, if it is a presentation file, or on a document, for written materials that are submitted along with the verbal presentation of your speech.

Each source you used will be listed on this page, using a full APA-style citation. The page itself will be labeled “References,” and will list all of the sources you used in alphabetical order. An example of an APA-style References page is shown in figure E.1.

Citation Generators

Many online services will generate full reference entries. However, the citations generated by these tools may contain errors, and it is important to be familiar enough with APA style that you can proofread to ensure that these citations are formatted correctly.

Sample References

Book or eBook (APA manual, p. 321-325)

Author, A., & Author, C.D. (Year). Book title: Capitalize first letter in subtitle. Publisher. URL if ebook.

Spellman, F. & Whiting, N. (2005). Environmental engineer’s mathematics handbook. CRC Press.

Article, Chapter, or Work in a Reference Book or Edited Collection (APA manual, p. 326-328)

Author, A.A. (Year). Article or chapter title: Capitalize first letter of subtitle. In A. Editor, B. Editor (Eds.), Book title: Capitalize first letter in subtitle. (# ed., pp. #). Publisher.

Donnerstein, E. (2005). Is popular culture too violent? Media violence promotes violent behavior. In J. Woodward (Ed.), Popular culture: Opposing viewpoints (pp. 114-119). Thompson Gale.

Reference or Encyclopedia Article (APA manual, p. 328)

Author, A. (Year). Entry title. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of encyclopedia (Vol. #, pp. #). Publisher.

Richelle, M.N. (2001). Skinner, Burrhus Frederick (1904-1990). In N. Smelser & P. Baltes (Eds.), International encyclopedia of the social and behavioral sciences (Vol. 21, pp. 14141-14146). Elsevier.

Magazine Article (APA manual, p. 320)

Author, A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine title, Volume(Issue). Page(s).

Southerland, R. (2017). Textile trail. Georgia Trend, 33(1), 86.

Newspaper Article (APA manual, p. 320)

Author, A. B. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper title, p. SectionPage.

Brown, R. (2009, December 16). Long faces ethics complaint. Dalton Daily Citizen, A1.

Academic Journal Article (APA manual, p. 317-318)

Author, A.A. (Year). Article title. Title of Journal, Volume(issue), page(s).

Schultz-Bergin, M. (2018). Is CRISPR an ethical game changer? Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 31(2), 219-238. https://doi:10.1007/s10806-018-9721-z

Web Page (APA manual, p. 351-352) (Last example below is for a page with no author)

Author, A. (Year). Title of page. Title of website. http://thewebsite.com

Naylor, S. (1998). Hindu mythology. Encyclopedia Mythica. http://www.pantheon.org/articles/h/hindu_mythology.html

Adderall. (2009). Prescribers’ Digital Reference. http://www.pdr.net/pdr-consumer-monograph/adderall?druglabelid=1048&ConsumerId=1008

Reports (APA Manual, p. 329-330)

Author, A. (Year). Title (Report #). Publisher. DOI or URL

Bauman, K. (2003). Educational attainment, 2000 (Census 2000 brief C2KBR-17). U.S. Government Printing Office. https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-24.pdf

Film or video (APA manual, p. 342-343)

Producer, A (Producer) & Director, A. (Director). (Year). Title [Description]. Studio.

Carroll, G. (Producer) & Rosenberg, S. (Director). (1991). Cool hand Luke [Film]. Warner Bros.

Online Video (APA manual, p. 344)

Author. (Year, Month Day). Title of video [Video]. YouTube. http://www.website.com/specificURL

Adult Swim. (2014, November 7). Too many cooks [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QrGrOK8oZG8

If APA style is new to you, it has a few intricacies that you may want to know:

Tips on formatting reference entries in APA style

  • Authors’ names are credited using their first and middle (if one is given) initials only. You do not need to list credentials such as Ph.D., M.D., etc.

  • Within a reference entry, authors are listed in the order they list themselves, even if it is not alphabetical.

  • The title of a source (article title, book title, etc.) is capitalized as follows: the first letter of the title and the first letter of the subtitle are the only words capitalized, except for where grammatically required for individual words, such as proper nouns or acronyms.

Tips on formatting a references page in APA style

  • Once you’ve ensured that the individual entries are correct, you’ll want to make sure the text on the page is double-spaced, and only the first line of an entry is aligned to the left margin. Subsequent lines of individual entries will be indented 1/2 inch; this is called a “hanging indent.”

  • The reference entries will be listed in alphabetical order on this page.

Annotate

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Appendix F: Research with Dalton State Library Resources
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