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Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023): Chapter 10: Language

Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023)
Chapter 10: Language
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table of contents
  1. Exploring Public Speaking: The Free Dalton State College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023)
    1. Exploring Public Speaking: The Open Educational Resource College Public Speaking Textbook, Edition 4.2 (2023)
      1. Introduction to the Edition 4.2 (2022) of Exploring Public Speaking
      2. Authors and Contributors
        1. Amy Burger (Chapter 5, Appendix E and F)
        2. Chad Daniel (Chapter 11/Expert Advice on the Voice from an Acting Instructor)
        3. Jerry Drye (Appendix D)
        4. Cathy Hunsicker (Appendix B, Parts 3, 4, 5, and 6)
        5. Amy Mendes (Appendix B, Part 7)
        6. Matthew LeHew (Editor, Technologist, and Web Designer)
        7. Barbara G. Tucker (Editor and Primary Author)
  2. Chapter 1: The Basics of Public Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 1.1 – What is Public Speaking?
    4. 1.2 – Anxiety and Public Speaking
      1. Why Anxiety and Public Speaking?
      2. Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety
    5. 1.3 - Understanding the Process of Public Speaking
    6. 1.4 – The Value of Public Speaking in Your Life
    7. 1.5 – Getting Started in Public Speaking
      1. Timing is everything
      2. Public speaking requires muscle memory
      3. Public speaking involves a content and relationship dimension
      4. Emulation is the sincerest form of flattery
      5. Know your strengths and weaknesses
      6. Remember the Power of Story
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
  3. Chapter 2: Audience Analysis and Listening
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 2.1 – The Importance of Audience Analysis
    4. 2.2 – Demographic Characteristics
      1. Age
      2. Gender
      3. Race, Ethnicity, and Culture
      4. Religion
      5. Group Affiliation
      6. Region
      7. Occupation
      8. Education
      9. Socio-economic Level
      10. Sexual Orientation
      11. Family Status
      12. Wrap Up on Demographics
    5. 2.3 – Psychographic Characteristics
      1. Beliefs
      2. Attitudes
      3. Values
      4. Needs
    6. 2.4 – Contextual Factors of Audience Analysis
    7. 2.5 – Listening in Public Speaking Settings
      1. Your Audience and Listening
      2. Barriers to Listening
      3. What Can Be Done to Improve Listening?
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
  4. Chapter 3: Ethics in Public Speaking
    1. Learning objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 3.1 – Sources of Ethical Stances on Communication and Public Speaking
      1. Legal Origins of Ethics in Public Speaking
      2. Cultural and Religious Origins of Ethics in Communication
      3. Philosophers and Communication Ethics
    4. 3.2 – Credibility and Ethics
    5. 3.3 – Plagiarism
      1. Types of Plagiarism
      2. Stealing
      3. Sneaking
      4. Borrowing
      5. Ethically Crediting Sources
      6. Ethics of Communication, Civil Discourse, and Venues
    6. Conclusion
    7. Something to Think About
    8. Case study
  5. Chapter 4: Developing Topics for Your Speech
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 4.1 – Getting Started with Your Topic and Purpose
    4. 4.2 – Formulating a Specific Purpose Statement
      1. You
      2. The Audience
      3. The Context
      4. Putting It Together
    5. 4.3 – Formulating a Central Idea Statement
    6. 4.4 – Problems to Avoid with Specific Purpose and Central Idea Statements
    7. Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
      1. Case Studies in Specific Purposes and Central Idea Statements
  6. Chapter 5: Researching Your Speeches
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 5.1 – Research
      1. Primary and Secondary Sources
    4. 5.2 – Accessing Information Through a Library
      1. The Library Catalog
      2. Databases
      3. Other Library Resources and Services
    5. 5.3 – Research on the Internet
    6. 5.4 – Conducting Your Own Research
      1. Surveys
      2. Interviews
      3. What to Do With All These Sources
    7. Conclusion
  7. Chapter 6: Organizing and Outlining Your Speech
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 6.1 – Why We Need Organization in Speeches
      1. Grouping
    4. 6.2 - Patterns of Organization
      1. Chronological
      2. Spatial
      3. Topical/Parts of the Whole
      4. Cause/Effect Pattern
      5. Problem-Solution Pattern
      6. Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern
      7. Some Additional Principles of Organization
    5. 6.3 – Connective Statements
      1. Types of connectives and examples
    6. 6.4 – Outlining
      1. Preparation Outlines
      2. Speaking Outlines
    7. Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
    9. Case study
  8. Chapter 7: Supporting Your Speech Ideas
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 7.1 – Why Supporting Materials are Needed
    4. 7.2 – Types of Supporting Materials
      1. Examples
      2. Narratives
      3. Definitions
      4. Descriptions
      5. Historic and Scientific Fact
      6. Statistics
      7. Testimony
    5. 7.3 – Attention Factors and Supporting Material
      1. What is Attention?
      2. Why Do We Pay Attention?
      3. Attention Factors
    6. Conclusion
    7. Something to Think About
    8. Case Study
  9. Chapter 8: Introductions and Conclusions
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 8.1 – General Guidelines for Introductions and Conclusions
    4. 8.2 – Structuring the Introduction
      1. Element 1: Get the Audience’s Attention
      2. Element 2: Establish or Enhance Your Credibility
      3. Element 3: Establish Rapport
      4. Element 4: Preview Your Topic/Purpose/Central Idea
      5. Element 5: Preview Your Main Points
    5. 8.3 – Examples of Introductions
      1. Informative Speech Introductions
      2. Persuasive Speech Introduction
    6. 8.4 – Structuring the Conclusion
      1. Element 1: Signal the End
      2. Element 2: Restate Main Points
      3. Element 3: Clincher
    7. 8.5 – Examples of Conclusions
      1. Informative Speech Conclusion
      2. Persuasive Speech Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
  10. Chapter 9: Presentation Aids in Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 9.1 - What Are Presentation Aids?
    4. 9.2 – Functions of Presentation Aids
      1. Improving Audience Understanding
      2. Aiding Retention and Recall
      3. Adding Variety and Interest
      4. Enhancing a Speaker’s Credibility
      5. Avoiding Problems with Presentation Aids
    5. 9.3 – Types of Presentation Aids
      1. Charts
      2. Graphs
    6. 9.4 – Using Presentation Slides
      1. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Presentation Slides
      2. Creating Quality Slide Shows
      3. Tone
      4. Scale and Proportion
      5. Balance
      6. Rhythm in Presenting
    7. 9.5 – Low-Tech Presentation Aids
      1. Dry-Erase Board
      2. Flipchart
      3. Posters
      4. Handouts
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
  11. Chapter 10: Language
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 10.1 – What Language Is and Does
    4. 10.2 – Standards for Language in Public Speaking
      1. Achieving Clarity
      2. Effectiveness
      3. Credibility
      4. Rhetorical Techniques
      5. Appropriateness
      6. Gender-Inclusive Language
      7. Ethnic Identity
      8. Disability
      9. Other Types of Appropriateness
    5. 10.3 – Developing Your Ability to Use Effective Language in Public Speaking
    6. Conclusion
    7. Something to Think About
  12. Chapter 11: Delivery
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 11.1 – The Importance of Delivery
    4. 11.2 – Methods of Speech Delivery
      1. Impromptu Speaking
      2. Manuscript Speaking
      3. Extemporaneous Speaking
      4. Memorized Speaking
    5. 11.3 – Preparing For Your Delivery
      1. Using Lecterns
      2. Speaking in a Small or Large Physical Space
      3. Speaking Outdoors
      4. Using a Microphone
      5. Audience Size
    6. 11.4 – Practicing Your Delivery
      1. Practice Your Speech Out Loud
      2. Practice Your Speech Standing Up
      3. Practice Your Speech with a Lectern
      4. Practice Your Speech with an Audience
      5. Practice Your Speech for Time
      6. Practice Your Speech by Recording Yourself
    7. 11.5 – What to Do When Delivering Your Speech
      1. Hands
      2. Feet
      3. Objects
      4. The Lectern and Posture
      5. Eye Contact
      6. Volume
      7. Pitch
      8. Rate
      9. Pauses
      10. Vocalized pauses
      11. Conclusion
    8. 11.6 - Expert Advice on the Voice from an Acting Instructor
    9. Conclusion
    10. Something to Think About
  13. Chapter 12: Informative Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 12.1 – What is an Informative Speech?
    4. 12.2 – Types of Informative Speeches
      1. Type 1: History
      2. Type 2: Biography
      3. Type 3: Processes
      4. Type 4: Ideas and Concepts
      5. Type 5: Categories or divisions
    5. 12.3 – Guidelines for Selecting an Informative Speech Topic
      1. Pick a specific or focused topic
      2. Avoid faux or fake informative speech topics
    6. 12.4 – Guidelines for Preparing an Informative Speech
      1. Don’t Be Too Broad
      2. Be Accurate, Clear, and Interesting
      3. Keep in Mind Audience Diversity
    7. 12.5 – Giving Informative Speeches in Groups
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
    10. Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Lord Byron
    11. Sample Outline: Informative Speech on Haunted Places in Gettysburg
  14. Chapter 13: Persuasive Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 13.1 – Why Persuade?
    4. 13.2 – A Definition of Persuasion
    5. 13.3 – Why is Persuasion Hard?
      1. Solutions to the Difficulty of Persuasion
    6. 13.4 – Traditional Views of Persuasion
      1. Ethos
      2. Logos
      3. Pathos
    7. 13.5 – Constructing a Persuasive Speech
      1. Formulating a Proposition
      2. Organization Based on Type of Proposition
      3. Building Upon Your Persuasive Speech’s Arguments
    8. Conclusion
    9. Something to Think About
    10. Sample Outline: Persuasive Speech Using Topical Pattern
    11. Sample Outline: Persuasive Speech Using Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Pattern
  15. Chapter 14: Logical Reasoning
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 14.1 – What is Correct Reasoning?
    4. 14.2 – Inductive Reasoning
      1. Generalization
      2. Causal reasoning
      3. Sign Reasoning
      4. Analogical reasoning
    5. 14.3 – Deductive Reasoning
    6. 14.4 – Logical Fallacies
      1. False Analogy
      2. False Cause
      3. Slippery Slope
      4. Post hoc ergo propter hoc
      5. Hasty Generalization
      6. Straw Man
      7. Argument from Silence
      8. Statistical fallacies
      9. Non Sequitur
      10. Inappropriate Appeal to Authority
      11. False Dilemma
      12. Appeal to Tradition
      13. Bandwagon
      14. Red Herring
      15. Ad Hominem
      16. Ad Misericordium
      17. Plain Folks
      18. Guilt by Association
    7. Conclusion
    8. Something to Think About
  16. Chapter 15: Special Occasion Speaking
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Chapter Preview
    3. 15.1 – Understanding Special Occasion Speeches
      1. Be Prepared
      2. Adapt to the Occasion
      3. Adapt to Your Audience
      4. Be Mindful of the Time
    4. 15.2 – Types of Special Occasion Speeches
      1. Speeches of Introduction
      2. Speeches of Presentation
      3. Speeches of Acceptance
      4. Speeches of Dedication
      5. Toasts
      6. Roasts
      7. Eulogies
      8. Speeches of Farewell
      9. Speeches for Commencements
      10. After-Dinner Speeches
      11. Motivational Speeches
      12. Summary
    5. 15.3 – Special Occasion Language
    6. 15.4 – Special Occasion Delivery
    7. Conclusion
  17. Appendix A: Cultural Diversity in Public Speaking
    1. Benefits and Challenges
    2. Implications
  18. Appendix B: Succeeding as a College Student
    1. Part 1: How To Be a College Student
      1. The Journey
      2. Why College?
      3. Preparation
      4. Getting the Big Picture of College
      5. Advising and Your Classes
      6. Values
      7. College Faculty
      8. Parting thoughts
    2. Part 2: Learning to Learn
    3. Part 3: Reading Your Textbooks and Other Resources
      1. College Reading
      2. Concentration
    4. Part 4: Effective Memorization
      1. Effective Memorization
      2. General Principles:
    5. Part 5: Test Anxiety/Speech Anxiety
    6. Part 6: Test-taking
      1. General Tips for Studying for Exams
      2. Additional Tips for Multiple Choice Questions
      3. Additional Tips for Matching Questions
      4. Additional Tips for True and False Questions
      5. Additional Tips for Essay Questions
    7. Part 7: Avoiding Plagiarism
      1. How do we teach about plagiarism?
      2. References
  19. Appendix C: Public Speaking Online
    1. Preparation for Online Speaking
    2. During the Web Speech
    3. Ending
    4. Speaking for an Online Class
    5. Conclusion
  20. Appendix D: Funny Talk: The Art and Craft of Using Humor in Public Address
    1. Humor and Audiences: Positives and Negatives
    2. Humorous Speaking Tips
      1. Positive Aspects
      2. Negative Aspects
  21. Appendix E: APA Citation
    1. Learning Objectives
    2. Appendix Preview
    3. E.1 – Citation
    4. E.2 – When to Cite
    5. E.3 – Elements of citation
      1. In-Context Citation
      2. Quotation
      3. Paraphrasing
    6. E.4 - APA Resources
    7. E.5 - Reference List
      1. Sample References
  22. Appendix F: Research with Dalton State Library Resources
    1. “GIL-Find,” the Library Catalog
    2. GALILEO
  23. Appendix I: Sample Outlines and Formats
    1. Informative Speech on Types of Coffee Around the World
    2. Persuasive Speech on Reading During Leisure Time
    3. Sample Format 1
    4. Sample Format 2
    5. Sample Format 3
  24. Appendix J: Case Studies
    1. Chapter 3
    2. Chapter 4
    3. Chapter 6
    4. Chapter 7

Chapter 10: Language

Learning Objectives

After reading this chapter, the student will be able to:

  • Define language and related terms;
  • Explain how language is used for power;
  • Explain how languages choices affect the effectiveness of public speaking;
  • Choose language that meets the standard of clarity;
  • Choose language appropriate for audiences;
  • Begin to develop their own language ability in speaking.

Annotate

Next Chapter
10.1 – What Language Is and Does
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